The Substation Incident.

The Substation Incident is the canonical case study in the intersection of industrial control security and grid infrastructure. It demonstrates, in operational terms, how deep the attack surface extends under centralized dispatch — and what a distributed clearing layer would have to assume about the environment it operates in.

The interactive twin above reconstructs the incident as a navigable operational model. The whitepaper below provides the full technical narrative: timeline, vectors, and implications for American Macrogrid architecture.